I feel as if A.I is deffinately possible in the nead future, except machines that look and act like humans that is a long ways away. This is a long shot away but scientists are working on it. iRobot, is a great movie but you never know AI could take over the world, clonning is another form of AI, Blader Runner or Code 46 were clonning is a big part of life, the sci-fi world clonning is a big part of sci-fi.
Who knows if clonning is A.I. or who knows if robotics are A.I., how many years will it take to reate this type of intelligence. I think that if intelligence such as this begins to get popluar, robots or clones will inevitabley be created and therefore the question you proposed yesterday in class, should they have equal rights?
I dont feel so, I feel as if natural born humans are the beings that should have rights but if we create something that is artifical that we control it, it is a very debated topic who knows,
A.I can help people as well, amputees, hearts, anything that will help a human survive.
This will be my last post for is406 and I bid you all farewell.
Thanks for reading,
Collin Hyte
Friday, December 9, 2011
Monday, December 5, 2011
Week 14
Do game-playing computers really demonstrate artificial intelligence?
Al Turing proposed the question, "Can Machines think?" over havlf a century ago.
"The phrase “The Turing Test” is most properly used to refer to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think. According to Turing, the question whether machines can think is itself “too meaningless” to deserve discussion (442). However, if we consider the more precise—and somehow related—question whether a digital computer can do well in a certain kind of game that Turing describes (“The Imitation Game”), then—at least in Turing's eyes—we do have a question that admits of precise discussion. Moreover, as we shall see, Turing himself thought that it would not be too long before we did have digital computers that could “do well” in the Imitation Game." (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/)
I unfortunately didn't get to hear Prof. Hansen lecture this past week but I did a little research on Artificial Intelligence, the Tauring test if a human being can tell the difference between a computer message or a human reply through a computer or message. Can computer think, I would say yes, we built them, they use different ways to solve problems and a lot faster than our minds can.
I would half to say that they have a process in which they go through, so you could either say that processesing is a form of thought, but a computer needs input and an order, for instance in NHL their are four difficulties, rookie, pro, all- pro, superstar and that determines how hard the computer will compete against you, you are giving it an input and it is processing the information so it is thinking but "artificially" if you want to say that. During the game the opposing players can eventually anticipate all of the options.
Watson is a great example of a computer with artificial intelligence he is a competitor on Jeopardy and a super computer that can answer questions in "natural language" the only problems it had in the game was when questions was too short and the clues where too short as well. But he can understand the human language and speak back, he stores information and can learn from his so called mistakes in a way.
"What would a computer have to do to demonstrate intelligence?"
I am big into sci-fi and I feel as if Watson is intelligent, alongside the robot from iRobot, or C 3PO these are fictional character in a movie but when a computer can reach those limits it will be scary, if it is even at all possible. Computer are intelligent, they help you when you mispell something in Word and the store loads of information on the world wide web. It is all personal opinion on what intelligence, artificial intelligence is. I wish I could have a droid of some sort but now in time they don't exist looking like that.
Al Turing proposed the question, "Can Machines think?" over havlf a century ago.
"The phrase “The Turing Test” is most properly used to refer to a proposal made by Turing (1950) as a way of dealing with the question whether machines can think. According to Turing, the question whether machines can think is itself “too meaningless” to deserve discussion (442). However, if we consider the more precise—and somehow related—question whether a digital computer can do well in a certain kind of game that Turing describes (“The Imitation Game”), then—at least in Turing's eyes—we do have a question that admits of precise discussion. Moreover, as we shall see, Turing himself thought that it would not be too long before we did have digital computers that could “do well” in the Imitation Game." (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/)
I unfortunately didn't get to hear Prof. Hansen lecture this past week but I did a little research on Artificial Intelligence, the Tauring test if a human being can tell the difference between a computer message or a human reply through a computer or message. Can computer think, I would say yes, we built them, they use different ways to solve problems and a lot faster than our minds can.
I would half to say that they have a process in which they go through, so you could either say that processesing is a form of thought, but a computer needs input and an order, for instance in NHL their are four difficulties, rookie, pro, all- pro, superstar and that determines how hard the computer will compete against you, you are giving it an input and it is processing the information so it is thinking but "artificially" if you want to say that. During the game the opposing players can eventually anticipate all of the options.
Watson is a great example of a computer with artificial intelligence he is a competitor on Jeopardy and a super computer that can answer questions in "natural language" the only problems it had in the game was when questions was too short and the clues where too short as well. But he can understand the human language and speak back, he stores information and can learn from his so called mistakes in a way.
"What would a computer have to do to demonstrate intelligence?"
I am big into sci-fi and I feel as if Watson is intelligent, alongside the robot from iRobot, or C 3PO these are fictional character in a movie but when a computer can reach those limits it will be scary, if it is even at all possible. Computer are intelligent, they help you when you mispell something in Word and the store loads of information on the world wide web. It is all personal opinion on what intelligence, artificial intelligence is. I wish I could have a droid of some sort but now in time they don't exist looking like that.
Week 13
I have to say the class itself is to complex for me to understand, I am just kidding. But I have been following along and keeping up with the class as much as I can and if I don't understand something Prof. Hansen does a great job explaining to me the long and drawn out version so I will understand it, I commend him for helping me out, that is besides the point, some problems which I find to be extremely complex could be P=NP but doesnt everyone.
Something in which I thought t be complex was when we went over permutations in class, I believe that it was the second week. I am not the greatest math guy in the world. I know they have to do with Logs and variables but I am not quite comfortable with them quit yet.
I don't want to say that I understand everything therefore I am not an expert in Game Theory but I have noticed myself becoming more understanding about all different forms of games. Especailly, Agricola or games of that nature, I enjoy looking at the opportunity costs aspect; makes you think.
In my blog before this I spoke about game theory and how it relates with life and when you think of how you can come out on top using many different strategies it is kind of cool. In class we look at games and compare them with real life situations and they can be used with everything as I have been constantly saying.
In all I am following along my is420 and it is a great way to thing about the different variables that life equations will bring you.
Something in which I thought t be complex was when we went over permutations in class, I believe that it was the second week. I am not the greatest math guy in the world. I know they have to do with Logs and variables but I am not quite comfortable with them quit yet.
I don't want to say that I understand everything therefore I am not an expert in Game Theory but I have noticed myself becoming more understanding about all different forms of games. Especailly, Agricola or games of that nature, I enjoy looking at the opportunity costs aspect; makes you think.
In my blog before this I spoke about game theory and how it relates with life and when you think of how you can come out on top using many different strategies it is kind of cool. In class we look at games and compare them with real life situations and they can be used with everything as I have been constantly saying.
In all I am following along my is420 and it is a great way to thing about the different variables that life equations will bring you.
Week 12
Theory is used in many places and many fields. You can say that the world is based on a single theory. Economics you can use theory to predict how the stock market will rise and fall based on previous events that have occurred. The most important thing that people should know is that theory is what we base everything on, fact is in a sense fictional. It is easier to say that fact is fictional than it really is but for instance, a fact is that the sun is yellow but it is not a fact that if the stock market is going up and down, then it will stay for ever going up and down. Or even biology "a much easier example" it is the study of the body, we dont factually know what everything does in your body but we have an idea of how things react with each other and how it works, scientists say that we only use 8% of our entire brain, we have no clue what the other 92% does but we can make educated guesses.
Game theory is used in all sorts of different areas of study as I have been mentioning, this forms peoples beliefs. The prisoner's dilemma is a great example of game theory in real life, you have two choices, either rat your friend out, or to stay silent when a cop is interrogating you. If you stay silent you and your friend will serve 3 months in prison but if you confess then you have a chance of going to prison for a year and if you stay silent you have a chance of a year in jail. Remember you are in another interrogating room than your friend, you can trust him or not, this is a basic premice of the theory. It brings up an ethical question, Should I confess to a crime becuase I think my friend is or should I stay silent and my friend does? It brings up the trust question which is relied on between beings.
You have Nash's Equilibrium Theory which touches upon dominant stratey and maximizing solutions for non-sum games, basically as Prof. Hansen put it, "both sides select a strategy and neither side can independently change its stratey without ending up in a less desirable postion.
Equilibrium Theory:The Nash Theorem maintains its focus on rivalries with mutual gain; a perceptual focus of Nash's mathematical vision found in the light of Leon Walrus' General Equilibrium Theory (published 1874) and John von Neumann's and Oskar Morgenstern's theory of games (1944), now simply called Game Theory. Nash later established his own idea of dominant strategy equilibria through maximization solutions for zero-sum games. He did this with original mathematical techniques to demonstrate the existence of methods for finding a measurable equilibrium in a general class of non-cooperative games.
(http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Nash_Equilibrium)
The point of game theory is to educate people that everything correlates with each other in life. Everything goes together, no matter if you are playing a video game, board game, trying to win an election or trying to chase your million dollar dream of playing the stock market, game theory teaches you to evaluate a situation and look at all of the odds, dominant straties, risks, opportunities, costs, everything they tie with each other, game theory applies to life.
I am not a mathematician so Nash's actual equation is a bit complicated but when you read the context of what it means, he implemented rule that there is a equilibria to everything a balance, but in economics, it theoretically should work. It doesn't always work because we are not in a perfect system.
Game Theory in all is very uselful. The class has helped me over the past weeks to understand a more abstract view of life.
Game theory is used in all sorts of different areas of study as I have been mentioning, this forms peoples beliefs. The prisoner's dilemma is a great example of game theory in real life, you have two choices, either rat your friend out, or to stay silent when a cop is interrogating you. If you stay silent you and your friend will serve 3 months in prison but if you confess then you have a chance of going to prison for a year and if you stay silent you have a chance of a year in jail. Remember you are in another interrogating room than your friend, you can trust him or not, this is a basic premice of the theory. It brings up an ethical question, Should I confess to a crime becuase I think my friend is or should I stay silent and my friend does? It brings up the trust question which is relied on between beings.
You have Nash's Equilibrium Theory which touches upon dominant stratey and maximizing solutions for non-sum games, basically as Prof. Hansen put it, "both sides select a strategy and neither side can independently change its stratey without ending up in a less desirable postion.
Equilibrium Theory:The Nash Theorem maintains its focus on rivalries with mutual gain; a perceptual focus of Nash's mathematical vision found in the light of Leon Walrus' General Equilibrium Theory (published 1874) and John von Neumann's and Oskar Morgenstern's theory of games (1944), now simply called Game Theory. Nash later established his own idea of dominant strategy equilibria through maximization solutions for zero-sum games. He did this with original mathematical techniques to demonstrate the existence of methods for finding a measurable equilibrium in a general class of non-cooperative games.
(http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Nash_Equilibrium)
The point of game theory is to educate people that everything correlates with each other in life. Everything goes together, no matter if you are playing a video game, board game, trying to win an election or trying to chase your million dollar dream of playing the stock market, game theory teaches you to evaluate a situation and look at all of the odds, dominant straties, risks, opportunities, costs, everything they tie with each other, game theory applies to life.
I am not a mathematician so Nash's actual equation is a bit complicated but when you read the context of what it means, he implemented rule that there is a equilibria to everything a balance, but in economics, it theoretically should work. It doesn't always work because we are not in a perfect system.
Game Theory in all is very uselful. The class has helped me over the past weeks to understand a more abstract view of life.
Thursday, December 1, 2011
Week 11
While I have been studying game theory in my is406 class we have gone over many different ideas and topics and algorithms, many different ways that computer and human beings think a like. The differences between humans being and computer is a lot but one main different is the way in which we think about a bunch of different things. We have a broad perspective of a problem, and look at many different outcomes at the same time, maybe sub conciously or what not, but omputers think of the fast route to a problem, maybe alpha beta prunning, game treeing, pathfininding alorithms, many different ways.
From what I kow about game theory, you can use a lot of this in everydays life, a problem that we went over was the "prisoner's dilemma" and it is a tool that is used to find the most risk dominant best outcome between two people. Their are two people that get taken in to a police station and questioned for a crime and they are friends, if you trust one another than you both will stay silent and only spend a month time, if one or the other confesses to the crime than one will get no time and the other will get a year in jail or visa versa. Their is a risk strategy that you will either have to trust some one or either look at the big picture maybe try and save yourself, it all depends on peoples motives. I have an example that I am going to link to this as well.
You can use game theory in many other ways, in economics, Nash's Equilibrium which is " both sides have selected a strategy and neither side can independently change its strategies without ending up with a less desirable position." (Hansens notes)
This strategy is like the prisoners dilemma, what is the best dominant strategy. What is the best choice for the two that will dominate. This works on economics, the economy should balance it self out but as of now, it is not, the equilibrium is off. Hense the economy doing poorly.
Game theory is everywhere, game theory really is similiar to real life instances, the purpose of games is not just to have fun but to build strategy and open your mind to new routes and paths that are more efficient.
See ya next time,
From what I kow about game theory, you can use a lot of this in everydays life, a problem that we went over was the "prisoner's dilemma" and it is a tool that is used to find the most risk dominant best outcome between two people. Their are two people that get taken in to a police station and questioned for a crime and they are friends, if you trust one another than you both will stay silent and only spend a month time, if one or the other confesses to the crime than one will get no time and the other will get a year in jail or visa versa. Their is a risk strategy that you will either have to trust some one or either look at the big picture maybe try and save yourself, it all depends on peoples motives. I have an example that I am going to link to this as well.
This is just a little visual that I put up so the internet viewers will be able to see what I am talking about, this
example was part of my notes from Prof. Hansens class. You can see which one you would choose. (if you are an honest person)
You can use game theory in many other ways, in economics, Nash's Equilibrium which is " both sides have selected a strategy and neither side can independently change its strategies without ending up with a less desirable position." (Hansens notes)
This strategy is like the prisoners dilemma, what is the best dominant strategy. What is the best choice for the two that will dominate. This works on economics, the economy should balance it self out but as of now, it is not, the equilibrium is off. Hense the economy doing poorly.
Game theory is everywhere, game theory really is similiar to real life instances, the purpose of games is not just to have fun but to build strategy and open your mind to new routes and paths that are more efficient.
See ya next time,
Collin
Week 10
"Pathfinding addresses the problem of finding a good path from the starting point to the goal―avoiding obstacles, avoiding enemies, and minimizing costs (fuel, time, distance, equipment, money, etc.). " according to Stanford grad student.
Picture a maze what is the fastest way to get from the start to the finish.
Pathfinding is another way to search for the best route through a problem. This is the way that game programmers implement the games. They use this strategy for the games computer, the AI of the game and from what I have read Madden and other games such as this use pathfinding algorithms, the computer picks up the strategies that you are using and us that to there advantage and trying to stop you from reaching that goal, but then you actually start getting into AI software packages in which programmers have formed and they produce the illusion of a smartness or intelligence in a non player characteristic, also called NPC's for short.
I also looked a little into Convex Hull, basically it means if you are giving a point x on a linear plane, you are trying to figure out the convex hull of the plane. Convex combinations many of them which add up to 1, it is a bit tricky but it has to do with what the x points are and the interior, how much they add up to.
The point of these is to find the shortest route from place to place. In doing this you can use this for creating new proccesses and algorithms for games, use it in architecture, in war, laying our streets in cities faster many things.
Videos games become more complex this way as well. Not just Doom any more.
Picture a maze what is the fastest way to get from the start to the finish.
Pathfinding is another way to search for the best route through a problem. This is the way that game programmers implement the games. They use this strategy for the games computer, the AI of the game and from what I have read Madden and other games such as this use pathfinding algorithms, the computer picks up the strategies that you are using and us that to there advantage and trying to stop you from reaching that goal, but then you actually start getting into AI software packages in which programmers have formed and they produce the illusion of a smartness or intelligence in a non player characteristic, also called NPC's for short.
I also looked a little into Convex Hull, basically it means if you are giving a point x on a linear plane, you are trying to figure out the convex hull of the plane. Convex combinations many of them which add up to 1, it is a bit tricky but it has to do with what the x points are and the interior, how much they add up to.
The point of these is to find the shortest route from place to place. In doing this you can use this for creating new proccesses and algorithms for games, use it in architecture, in war, laying our streets in cities faster many things.
Videos games become more complex this way as well. Not just Doom any more.
Wednesday, November 2, 2011
Week 9
Hey guys for all the fans out their who have enjoyed my blog, today I am going to talk about games trees and if games can still be fun if you know exactly how it will end up. So the thing is that computers can generate a game tree and caluclate it using minmax or alpha beta prunning. These are twos ways of finding the right answers to the game and solving them.
Minmax is when a computer or yourself looks at all of the possiblities even when you know that they may not work a maximum of 100 states which is a longer way to look at what you are trying to figure out. You can use this for a more complex and long list of Heuristics which are the numbers that the game tree is looking at to find the right solution to the problem or game. Heurisitics are also used for anti-virus software and signatures in code. Anti Virus software looks at a viruses heuristics to determine if the program is corrupt of what not. For examples, a virus comes into your body and your white T- blood cells eventually will kill the virus, but then the T cells picks up the viruses DNA and will keep that code remembered until you die and that is why you do not get the same cold over and over again. Kind of the same way with computers and Heuristics.
Anywyas Alpha Beta prunning is another way that a computer looks through the values and they only look at ten states so they determine the outome faster than the Minmax. It depends on the tree you are looking at as well.
In class last week Professor Hansen showed us how to play this game called Nim and this game consists of 3 piles of chips all different colors with five of each color and you have to determine your outcome and think ahead. You are allowed to pick either 1 or 2 chips from each color but only choose 2 from the same pile. So I played with my partener Shane a few games and it went bak and forth and that was a good example of how game trees work, a little abstract but I am getting used to it since I am in a 400 level IS class.
So can these games be fun with easily calculated game trees, the answer is both, it depends if you enjoy winning or playing a game. Easy calculating an outcome is not fun for me because I enjoy the strategy part of games but if you are playing for money than YES. But when you first start playing games such as Nim it takes a few games to get used to, so initially they are fun. It all depends upon the person.
Have another post up tomorrow for you guys after class.
Peace yall,
Collin
Minmax is when a computer or yourself looks at all of the possiblities even when you know that they may not work a maximum of 100 states which is a longer way to look at what you are trying to figure out. You can use this for a more complex and long list of Heuristics which are the numbers that the game tree is looking at to find the right solution to the problem or game. Heurisitics are also used for anti-virus software and signatures in code. Anti Virus software looks at a viruses heuristics to determine if the program is corrupt of what not. For examples, a virus comes into your body and your white T- blood cells eventually will kill the virus, but then the T cells picks up the viruses DNA and will keep that code remembered until you die and that is why you do not get the same cold over and over again. Kind of the same way with computers and Heuristics.
Anywyas Alpha Beta prunning is another way that a computer looks through the values and they only look at ten states so they determine the outome faster than the Minmax. It depends on the tree you are looking at as well.
In class last week Professor Hansen showed us how to play this game called Nim and this game consists of 3 piles of chips all different colors with five of each color and you have to determine your outcome and think ahead. You are allowed to pick either 1 or 2 chips from each color but only choose 2 from the same pile. So I played with my partener Shane a few games and it went bak and forth and that was a good example of how game trees work, a little abstract but I am getting used to it since I am in a 400 level IS class.
So can these games be fun with easily calculated game trees, the answer is both, it depends if you enjoy winning or playing a game. Easy calculating an outcome is not fun for me because I enjoy the strategy part of games but if you are playing for money than YES. But when you first start playing games such as Nim it takes a few games to get used to, so initially they are fun. It all depends upon the person.
Have another post up tomorrow for you guys after class.
Peace yall,
Collin
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